A judge unsealed a search warrant that shows that the FBI is investigating Donald Trump for a possible violation of the Espionage Act. By law and regulation, NDI materials may not be publicly released and must be handled as sensitive. This kind of information includes a vast array of sensitive information including military, energy, scientific, technological, infrastructure and national disaster risks. The Espionage Act applies to all national defense information, or NDI, of which classified materials are only a portion. If they had been declassified, they should have been marked as such.Īnd even assuming the documents were declassified, which does not appear to be the case, Trump is still in the criminal soup. It actually doesn’t work that way – presidential declassification requires an override of Executive Order 13526, must be in writing, and must have occurred while Trump was still president – not after. One theory floated by Trump defenders is that by simply handling the materials as president, Trump could have effectively declassified them. Top secret-sensitive compartmented information is reserved for information that would truly be damaging to the U.S. Some of the documents the FBI sought and found in the Trump search were designated “top secret” or “top secret-sensitive compartmented information.”īoth classifications tip far to the serious end of the sensitivity spectrum. The Act is Not Just About Classified Information Petraeus shared classified information with an unauthorized person for reasons having nothing to do with a foreign government. Two recent senior Democratic administration officials – Sandy Berger, national security adviser during the Clinton administration, and David Petraeus, CIA director under during the Obama administration – each pleaded guilty to misdemeanors under the threat of Espionage Act prosecution.īerger took home a classified document – in his sock – at the end of his tenure. It concerned the unauthorized soliciting, obtaining, possessing and publishing of sensitive information that might be of help to a foreign nation if disclosed. One of the most famous Espionage Act cases, known as “Wikileaks,” in which Julian Assange was indicted for obtaining and publishing secret military and diplomatic documents in 2010, is not about leaks to help foreign governments. The driver of the Department of Justice’s concern under Section 793 is the sensitive content and the connection to national defense information, known as “NDI.” interests is generally enough to trigger a possible sentence of 10 years.Ĭurrent claims by Trump supporters of the seemingly innocuous nature of the conduct at issue – simply possessing sensitive government documents – miss the point. Willful unauthorized possession of information that, if obtained by a foreign government, might harm U.S. Photo by Mark Wilson/Getty Images A Violation Does Not Require an Intention to Aid a Foreign Power 21, 2013, to 35 years in prison after being found guilty of several counts under the Espionage Act. Chelsea Manning, in uniform, after being sentenced on Aug. All of these prohibited activities fall under the separate and more commonly applied section of the act – 18 U.S.C. It can also apply to refusing a government demand for its return. Transmitting can mean moving materials from an authorized to an unauthorized location – many types of sensitive government information must be maintained in secure facilities. More typically, as in the Trump investigation, the act applies to the unauthorized gathering, possessing or transmitting of certain sensitive government information. All three received life sentences.īut spy cases are rare. secrets to the Soviet Union and Russia over a span of more than 20 years. That aspect of the law is best exemplified by the convictions of Jonathan Pollard in 1987, for spying for and providing top-secret classified information to Israel former Central Intelligence Agency officer Aldrich Ames in 1994, for being a double agent for the Russian KGB and, in 2002, former FBI agent Robert Hanssen, who was caught selling U.S. section 794 – does relate to spying for foreign governments, for which the maximum sentence is life imprisonment. When you hear “espionage,” you may think spies and international intrigue. Espionage Act Seldom Pertains to Espionage ![]() While navigating the sound and fury over the Trump search, here are a few things to note about the Espionage Act. We are both attorneys who specialize in and teach national security law.
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